Attempts at trans-jurisdictional debate and agreement are often beset by mutual misunderstandings. And while English is the new lingua franca in international and comparative criminal law, there are many ambiguities and uncertainties with regard to foundational criminal law and justice concepts. Professionals and academics engaged in collaborative comparative criminal law projects often do not understand each other, using the same terms with different meanings or different terms meaning the same thing. However, there exists greater similarity among diverse systems of criminal law and justice than is commonly realised. This third volume of Core Concepts in Criminal Law and Criminal Justice explores the principles and concepts that underpin the different domestic systems and rules. It will focus on the Germanic and several principal Anglo-American jurisdictions, which are employed as examples of the wider common law-civil law divide.